Sociological research-there is a relationship between social class and Essay

Sociological research-there is a relationship between social class and crime - Essay Example ade great strides in proving that social class has a direct correlation with crime due to the social controls of a capitalist government† (Jones, 2004). Social conflict theory focuses on why governments make and enforce rules of law and morality then why an individual violates the law. The primary goal of Social Conflict is to examine the relationship between the ruling class and the process by which deviance is defined and controlled in capitalist society. The government creates laws and rules to maintain the power and position for the power elite. Centering on a view of society in which the elite class uses the criminal justice system as a means of controlling threats to its status. Conflict theorists do not argue that the poor commit more crimes than the rich, but they are certainly arrested and punished more often. A natural frustration exists in society in which a high value is placed on being rich and attaining the American dream, but this dream is unattainable for the ma jority of the citizens. A deep hostility develops among the lower class toward a social order that they can not participate unless it’s by illegal means. Thus, the legal system is designed to guard the position of the upper class by any legal means necessary. â€Å"Conflict theorists seriously contradict the long-held presumption that the American system of law and justice is humane and fair to all citizens.† (Senna, 2003) It really is not a surprise to any of us that it is the poor and disadvantaged criminals who end up in the coils of the criminal justice system. But it would be a mistake to make accusations about the nature of crime by blaming those individuals who end up in our police cells, courtrooms and prisons. This does not mean that crime in the US or any other part of the world is committed by the poor and disadvantaged. Nor does it mean that disadvantage is the cause of most crime. â€Å"But some of the grossest victimizations are concentrated among the poorer members of

Inventory Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inventory Management - Term Paper Example This research will begin with the definition of consumerism as a phenomenon where there exists a never-ending and never satisfying hunger for the consumption of goods and services. Economists term consumerism as the dynamics or symbol of a progressive and booming economy. The basic concept in economics is when consumption, that is the purchase of goods and services in an economy, is increasing then the economy is on the verge of a boom and if things are the other way round than the economy is in recession. There is sound economics basis behind the concept of consumer culture. In economics terms, consumer culture is synonymous with market culture. In such a situation the prices of commodities are determined solely by demand and supply factors. To understand this we can simply say that when demand of a particular commodity is high in the market than its price will go up., but if supply exceeds the demand of the commodity in the market than the price of the particular commodity will go down automatically. In such a case the choices or buying decisions that consumers take independently, serve to define the structure of the market. The marketers and entrepreneurs have used this concept of consumer culture greatly to their advantage. Consumer culture has provided marketers and entrepreneurs, means to understand the needs and wants of a particular market better and then cater these needs and wants in a profitable manner. We can understand this with the help of an example. Supposing you have to travel o a particular country where your in-laws are living, you will find out about the culture of that country such as local customs, the way they dress, local cuisine and common linguistics etc. so once you enter that country you will be able to interact with the locals in an improved manner and they would be pleased to host you. In a similar manner when entrepreneurs are about to take on a particular market segment, they study the consumer culture of that market. Studying th e consumer culture includes looking at the trends of the market in terms of profitability, analyzing demand, consumer behavior, the satisfied and unsatisfied needs and wants of the market. Once these rules are learnt than the marketers chip in and play their game. (Birchal 2010) The Need for Inventory Management The entrepreneurs, having studied the market trends and being well acquainted with the consumer culture, can determine certain variables that are almost impossible to discover otherwise. The entrepreneurs can determine future demand of a particular product that they are selling to a particular segment. Having talked about consumer culture we must not forget to mention the changes that have taken place in the market over the period of time. With the introduction of more and more products by the companies and entrance of giant companies that offer products that serve to cater to similar needs and target the same set of consumers have actually helped to make the market place a battle field. Today customers have so many options and choices to choose from. In fact making a buying decision has become a Herculean and specialized task for the customer. Where on one hand intricacies at the end of consumer have increased then on the other the customer has become very powerful as well, and one cannot repudiate the fact that products and brands that do not meet customer expectations are either ousted or kicked out of the market and become forgotten history. Here inventory management becomes a key concept that needs to be discussed and highlighted to limelight. As we talked about the concepts of â€Å"customer expectations† and â€Å"consumer culture† so we also need to understand that they are very closely linked to inventory management. Finding the product on the shelf is one of the most significant customer expectations, significant yet basic. â€Å"Finding the product on the shelf† implies that the product must be available to the customer at the right place in the right quantity at

Just-In-Time Inventory Practices Essay Example for Free

Just-In-Time Inventory Practices Essay The Just in Time inventory system is the one which aims at reducing the cost of inventory at nay organization by monitoring the holding cost of it. It aims at reducing all the costs that are associated with inventory management and to enhance the production of products. The philosophy aims at the production of goods â€Å"at the right place, at the right time and in the right quantity† (Muller, 2003). History of Just In Time Inventory System Just in Time inventory system is another name of lean production system. The creator of the philosophy of Just in Time Inventory was Taiichi Ohno, the father of Toyota Production System (TPS) in Japan. The TPS systematizes production and logistics for the vehicle manufacturer, together with communication with the suppliers and customers. The system was between the years 1948 and 1975. As it was previously called the Just In Time Production, the TPS was basically built on the writings of Edward Deming and the famous car manufacturer Henry Ford. When the founders of Toyota visited United States, they were not impressed by the assembly line of Ford which focused on the concept of mass production, however, when they visited the super market, they were very impressed by the system of resupply and replenishment of drinks only when one drink was consumed. They adopted this system and named it â€Å"The Toyota Way†. Characteristics of Just in Time Inventory System Just In Time system gained popularity. It focused on many aspects of production and helped many organizations reduce their costs on their inventory. The basic characteristics of Just in Time inventory system are that it reduces the inventory accumulation in any organization. The holding cost of inventory goes down and hence the production costs are reduced by large figures. As opposed to the mass production system, lean production or Just in Time production system focused on production of goods in batches. The production is done in smaller lots and sizes. It also focuses on the aspect of quality control and inspection. The smaller lot sizes give the advantage of better inspection of the production batches. The production or the assembly line is divided into work cells, the system step by step production system which saves the capacity and saves the time to move from one step to the other. The most important characteristic is waste minimization at all times. With lesser inventory accumulation, the costs reduce, the inventory does not go obsolete and costs of warehousing and safety does not incur. Currently, organizations that have maintaining their supply chain are effectively making the use of Just in Time inventory system (Hugos, 2006). Benefits of Just in Time inventory System There are lots of advantages in implementing JIT lean manufacturing. JIT makes manufacturing operations competent, cost efficient and customer responsive. It allows producers to acquire and collect materials just before theyre needed, thus lessening the cost and trouble of administrating redundant parts. With the constantly changing demand JIT is apt to the producers’ needs of purchasing new inventory all the time. By acquiring only a limited and certain amount of inventory, the costs are saved and if the demand of a product goes down, the manufacturers are saved from huge losses they might incur from extra inventory that has gone outdated. Not only the inventory problems, producing the right quantity of goods saves the companies from accumulating capital in unsold inventory. Hence, there is no waste during production and demand is accurately met (Muller, 2003). Demerits of Just in Time System Even though the Just in Time system has some advantages, it lacks at some points. Just in Time system if not kept well can disrupt the whole supply chain of an organization. The companies which produce goods that have fluctuating demand can find it difficult to implement Just in Time. The demand does not allow the manufacturers to rely on a certain quantity of material. If the demand is too low, their inventory can go in waste, and if the demand is too high, they might not be able to fulfill the demand completely in a single batch of production (Sharma Narayan, 2010) (from UIU Library). Just in Time has got some major risks associated with it. In countries like Pakistan and India where labor strikes and political instability makes it difficult to ascertain the demand and if the supplies don’t reach the factories and plants on time, supply chain can disrupt. However, these issues can be overcome by making sure that transportation and logistics are well looked upon and alliances are built with suppliers to ensure that supplies are received right on time. Moreover, the concept of safety stock also comes into existence as the risk out running out of stock increase (Muller, 2003). Practical Application  JIT is a philosophy and can not be implemented as a complete science. However, with minor changes, it can be effectively put into practice. Dell, a famous computer manufacturer has made a successful application of JIT system. The company produces customized PCs and laptops for its customers only when it receives the order. The manufacturer to customer model of selling has also made it very successful and it has also helped the organization to establish its unique selling proposition effectively (Piasecki, 2003). Wal-Mart is another organization with an excellent supply chain and is the world leader in whole sell. It has also made a successful implementation of JIT system. Another organization that is very famous for its initiative of JIT system is none other than Toyota. Toyota has made the use of JIT as well as other philosophies such as Kanban and Kaizen. Their concepts of continuous improvement and card system have made their assembly line produce the car at cheap rate. It might seem that with low cost cars, quality might not be as satisfactory as it supposed to be, but, Toyota has implemented some major quality control system. Six sigma is the foundation of their quality. They have come up with different terms that identify how well the work is going on in the organization. Hence, Toyota is an example that can not be eliminated from the success given by JIT system (Monden, 1998). Conclusion JIT system is highly successful of implemented with complete knowledge and care. The idea of the system is to eliminate waste and save costs that are stuck with several kinds of waste during a production process.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Animal Breeding

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Animal Breeding REVIEW OF LITERATURE Global Animal data bank for genetic resources documents more than 14,017 breeds of domesticated livestock species in over 181 countries. However, this is underestimations of indigenous farm animals of developing countries are yet to be documented (FAO, 2011). Hall, (2004) studied the two stage process to develop the enormous livestock biodiversity. 1) Domestication and 2) breed differentiation. Both theses stages involved genetic legitimate changes and are thus evolutionary and cultural. In these stages, farm animals/ populations have acquired unique adaptation in response to diverse environment. Genetic diversity of farm animal and their adaptability provides building blocks for very successful breed improvement programs. Moreover, the conservation and improvement of farm animal diversity is an opportunity to respond in future needs. The farm animal’s resources lost due to the heavy cross breeding schemes in recent past. There is urgent need for conservation of these resource s and documents Biometric traits generally used to characterize the different breeds of livestock as they are body confirmation. These traits are also used for comparison of growth in different individuals. Mostly body dimensions are used to indicate breed, origin and relationship or shape and size of individuals (Buchenauer, 1993). Body measures and indices estimated from different combinations of different body traits produced superior guide to weight and also used as indicator of type and function in farm animals (Schwabe and Hall, 1989; Salako, 2006). The objective of to measure the body dimensions could be improved the body shapes by enabling the breeders to recognize early maturity and late maturity of different animals size (Brown et al., 1973; 1974). The body dimensions could be achieved by grouping them more meaningfully. Significant difference in different body dimensions is due to the sex age and some reports in different breeds and species (Gilbert et al., 1993; Shahin et al., 1995; Pundir et al., 2007a,b,c; Singh et al., 2008; Yakuba et al., 2009 and Khuram, 2013) in Cattle; (Biedermann and SSchmucker, 1989, Jakubec et al., 1999; Miserani et al., 2002 and Sadak et al., 2006) in Horses and Sarako et al., 2006 in Sheep. Analyses of multivariate are used to obtained relationships among different body measurements. The PCA analysis can explain relationships in a better way when the recorded traits are used to obtain relationships among different body measures Hammock et al. (1986). This type of analysis transform original group of variables. The purpose of PCA analysis is to reduce a data set and describe to use easily (Yakuba et al., 2009). For breed improvement, multifactor analysis is mostly considering a group of attributes, which may be used for selection (Fumio et al., 1982). Multivariate analysis used to study the different biometric traits in Japanese black cattle, Swiss Dairy Cattle and White Fulani cattle (Fumio et al., 1982; Hammock et al., 1986; Karacaroen et al., 2008). Salako, 2006 and Sadek et al., 2009 used PCA analysis to study the different biometric traits in Uda sheep and in Arabian Horses, respectively. Tolenkhomba et al. (2012) measure 18 different biometric traits in Manipuri local cattle in India. They measure height at whiter, neck girth, body length, puch girth, ear length, tail length, switch length horn diameter circumference of horn, length of horn in 107 bulls. The average of these traits in this local animal indicates that this is a smaller type cattle breed. Promax rotation revealed 6 factors which explained about 69.77 % of the total variation. Factor 1 described the general body confirma tion and explained 21.93% of total variation. The results of this study revealed a significant high loading of height at wither, body length, heart girth, Puch girth and ear length. The ranged of communality from 0.493 to 0.782 and unique factor ranged from 0.507 to 0.218 for all traits. Pundir et al. (2011) studied the Kankaraj cattle and also used 18 different traits for body confirmation. Average body length, height at wither, height at shoulder, height at knee, heart girth were 123.44Â ±0.37, 124.49Â ±0.28, 94.68Â ±0.30, 38.2Â ±0.14, 162.56Â ±0.56, 178.95Â ±0.70, 44.09Â ±0.10, 15.91Â ±0.05, 42.47Â ±0.53, 26.07Â ±0.19,13.34Â ±0.08, 31.24Â ±0.12, 16.10Â ±0.05, 50.63Â ±0.18, 73.21Â ±0.32, 111.62Â ±0.53, 89.34Â ±0.34 and 17.28Â ±0.10 cm, respectively. They measured correlation of coeffiecnt between traits’ ranged from -0.806 to -0.815. Most of the correlations were positive and significant. They also used promax rotation with power 3 and find three factors, which explained about 66.02% of the total variation. Factor 1 described the body confirmation and explained 19.68% of total variation. The second factor described the front view and third back of the animal 7.44. Yakuba et al. (2009) also studied the factor analysis for body confirmation in white Fulani cattle. They find that age group significantly influenced all the measured traits. The correlation coeffiecnt of body measures ranged from 0.5-0.9 and 0.22-0.9 for 1.5-2 and 2.5-3.6 years. In factor solution of PCA analysis two factor with ratio of variation 85.37 in first group. In second age group four factors which explained 86.47% of the generalized variation were extracted. Salako et al. (2006) measured ten different biometric traits. The body measured includes Wither height (WH), Rump Width (RW), Tail length, rump length, rum height. Appling trational use of body size estimation, the animals measurements were BL=59.37Â ±4.50,RL=22.1Â ±1.12, RH=65.18Â ±6.06, RW=12.90Â ±1.24, FL=41.62Â ±2.29, SW=14.40Â ±1.45, FaL=21.47Â ±1.82, TL=40.72Â ±2.71 and HG=71.98Â ±4.30cm. Variation was observed within the body measurements. The first and second factor of their study was 67.6 and 11.03%. the first component contained measurements that are closely associated with bone growth while the second one to produce dimensions that are relatively less associated. In another study, Yakuba et al. (2011) determine the interdependence among the confirmation traits of Uda ram. The various constituent parts of the body developed at varying rates. This accounted for 86.3 % of the total variance. The first component alone explained 80 % of the variance and tended to describe general size, while second component for meat traits. Yakubu et al. (2013) studied the biometric traits of Yankasa sheep and measure different body traits. The body measurements taken were: withers height, rump height, body length, heart girth, tail length, face length, shoulder width, head width, rump width, ear length, fore leg length, hind leg length and rump length. General linear model was used to study the age group effect. Luanna et al. (2012) measured the Moroccan goat population and find the importance of body measure among individual’s and populations. The traits were wither height (WH), brisket height (BH) and ear length (EL). Thorax depth (WH-BH) and the three indices, TD/WH, EL/TD and EL/WH, were also calculated. The first component explained 99 % of the total variance. Importance of PCA analysis for Breed conservation Livestock species is results of a combination of various processes. These includes domestatication, migration, genetic isolation, environmental adaptation, selective breeding (Lacy, 1997). Small populations lose genetic variability because of genetic drift and inbreeding within populations. Lower variability suppress individuals fitness (Rege, 1999), resistance to disease and parasities and flexibility in coping with environmental challenges (Rege and lipner, 1992). Moreover, lower variation decreases fitness of population, resilience and ling term adaptability. Sheep breeds are far from uniform (Kruger, 2001) and this difference is the overall results of the fact that in thousands of years since animals were first domesticated (kohler-Rollefson, 2001; Hall, 2004). A large verity of breeds has been developed through adaptation to various ecological niches. These breeds grow quikly, produce tones of meat, wool and milk but rely on high quilty feed and need intensive veterinary care (Ramsey et al., 2000; FAO, 2007; Kunene et al., 2009) . Therefore the purpose of this study was to document the important native/ indigenous cattle breed and this review explain some important measurement for factor analysis. Correlations are established to set relationships between different body measurements. The factor and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can best explain the relationships in more appropriate way when the recorded traits are correlated. Principal components are the linear combination of original variables and in these kinds of analysis original group of variables are transformed into another group. The data set will be shortened by factor and principal component analysis so that it could be described in more accurate way. In recent years biometric measurements/traits of many others animal species has been published. Most of these worker studies the Body length (BL), Heart girth (HG), Face length (FL), Shoulder width (SW), Head width (HW), Foreleg length (FL), Hind leg length (HL), Rump height (RH), Rump width (RW), R ump length (RL), Cannon circumference (CC), Withers height (WH) and Tail length (TL) of some cattle breeds. A review on these parameters is as follows. Body length (BL): Production traits of beef cattle are directly related to body length (BL). A study on Fulani cattle showed a relationship with production (Yakubu et al., 2010). In a study on Kankrej cows it was formed that biometric trait has a strong relationship with high production of milk (Pundir et al., 2011). Muhammad et al. (2012) by using regression tree (RT) estimated body lengths of some sheep breeds in Baluchistan province. Face length (FL): Face length, lips area and nasal circumference show the behavior of animal feeding. In case of selection of elite animal face length parameter has an important role. Comparison between two breed, native and Holstein cattle showed that the production performance is greatly affected by differences in face length parameter (Meyer, 2005). A study was conducted on Uda sheep and it was observed that this breed has static variation for face length (Salako et al., 2006). Kankrej cattle have a wide variation with face length and it shows relationship with production traits (Pundir et al., 2011). Head width (HW): Head width is also an important parameter in the beef and dairy production. Significant effect in milk production is observed in Swiss dairy cattle and Frisian cattle due to a wide variation in head width (Karacaroen and Kadarmindeen, 2008). In a comparative study of some high and low producing cattle breeds it was observed that head width was significantly an important indicator of production (Khan et al., 2008). In case of evaluation process of production and domestication of animal this portion of body has its own importance (Yakubu et al., 2010). Heart girth (HG) Body weight of animal can be measured by measuring the heart girth (HG). Meyer, (2005) used multivariate restricted maximum likelihood analysis for measuring the some phenotypic measurements including heart girth (HG). They developed an easy procedure to handle large data sets of phenotypic observation in Australian Angus cattle. By studying the Fulani cattle it was observed that hearth girth has a close relation with production (Yakubu et al., 2009). Principal component analysis proved some meat quality variables along with body measurements including heart girth (Mulyono et al., 2009). In India a study was carried out on 407 Kankrej cattle and it was found that heart girth has a very significant relationship with production (Pundir et al., 2011). Shoulder width (SW): Shoulder width has relation in beef producing animal and it is a good indicator for the evaluation of beef producing animal (Shahin et al., 1995). Proportion of barrel attachment with shoulder width has significant indication in Red Sindhi cattle (Pundir et al., 2007b). A study was carried out on Fulani cattle and it was observed that shoulder width has a significant effect on production (Pundir et al., 2011). Foreleg length (FL): Price of animal can be fixed by considering by strength of legs. Foreleg length plays an important role in the indication of dairy and beef sector (Khan et al., 2008). Frisian cattle have less strength in forelegs as compared to Kankrej cattle (Pundir et al., 2011). Okpeku et al. (2011) Observed that the biometric traits have strong relationship with production. Hind leg length (HL): Like forelegs the animal strength is also directly proportional to the hind leg lengths (Khan et al., 2008). Frisian cattle have less strength in hind legs as compared to Kankrej cattle (Pundir et al., 2011). In a study on Perynean cattle proved that leg length is related somewhat with production (Casanova et al., 2011). Rump height (RH) : Rump height is important factor to judge the animal. Some morphometric observations were made on Swiss dairy cattle and some body measurements and functional traits were used including rump height (Karacaroen and Kadarmindeen 2008). A study on cattle also showed the relationship of this trait with production performance (Yakubu et al., 2009). In Kankerj cattle it was observed that rump height has significant effect on production performance (Pundir et al., 2011). Rump width (RW): In dairy and beef animal rump width (RW) has significant role. This part of body has its own and unique importance in evolutionary process (Simon et al., 1993). In a study on British breeds of cattle, rump width was also somewhat related with heavy weight and showed role in milk production (Schwabe et al., 1989). In Indian native cows observation showed that rump width has a role in weight of animal and production. In this study some anatomical observations were correlated with phenotypic observations (Singh et al., 2008). In study on white Fulani cattle rump width was also measured and was related to production (Yakubu et al., 2009). Rump length (RL): Rump length is an important indicator of dairy and beef animal as in rump width. It is one of the important parameter in body measurement to judge the animal. In some livestock breeds, it was observed that rump length has an effect on weight and production (Simon et al., 1993). Singh et al. (2008) explain some liner type traits with evaluation process in some native cattle breeds. Some biometric traits were studied on goat and reported relationship of rump length with meat characteristics (Okpeku et al., 2011). Casanova et al. (2011) studying Pyrenean cattle found that these biometric measurements best describe the specific beef or milk production characteristics. Wither height (WH): Wither height has its own importance in some cattle breeds for explaining body conformation. Wither height was measured in Sahiwal cattle and it was related to some production parameters (Khan et al., 2008). In Fulani cattle wither height was measured to explain body conformation and results showed that it is good parameter to judge a productive animal (Yakubu et al., 2009). In Perynean cattle PCA was used to explain the withers height (Casanova et al., 2011). In a study on Kankrej cows, the withers height was recorded in 403 cows. The average measurement of this trait was 124.49Â ±0.28 cm. The results of this study showed that withers height is very important to explain the body conformation in this breed (Pundir et al., 2011). Tail length (TL): In animal tail length is a defensive part of the body. This portion of the body has a very unique position in genetic diversity. Tail length is considered an important body portion in beef animal (Meyer, 2005).It was reported that tail length has direct importance on production performance in Fulani cattle (Yakubu et al., 2009) and has significant association with performance in Kankrej cattle (Pundir et al., 2011). The observations were also made on some Perynean cattle by studying biometric traits including tail length (Casanova et al., 2011).

Proof For The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay

Proof For The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay Opinions relating  in favor of and in opposition to the  existence of God  have been controversial from many years as anticipated by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others. The discussion with reference to the existence of God is very traditional and most argued debates in  human history. The existence of God is a matter of debate in philosophy,  the  philosophy of religion, and  popular culture. This report presents the different sides and opinions of philosophers that at different time periods argued about the existence of God and its need as well as the analysis of different views to present the controversial topic in detail. Definition of God In contemporary Western culture, the perception of God normally relates to a  monotheistic, superlative, eventual, and personal being. This view is mostly originated from Christian and Hebrew traditions.  Traditional view  portrayed God as having perfection in almost everything. Many religions and different societies believe that God is a body that cannot be defined. They alleged that this act can deny the magnificent nature of God. Some traditional philosophical approaches defined God as the prime mover or the uncaused cause, the ultimate creator, or a being that than which nothing greater can be conceived. (Steve Rudd, 2012) Arguments for the existence of God Aquinas Five Ways argued that the God exists and its necessary to prove this controversy. The summarized points from that literature are discussed below: The  argument relating unmoved mover  emphasized that, we experience motion in the universe from where we assume that there exists an initial mover. Aquinas predicted that the motion is created because of an unmoved object; therefore there must be an unmoved mover. Aquinas  another view discussed that from first cause  foundation it is impracticable for an organism to create itself. Therefore, it predicts that there must be a first cause that is itself uncaused. The argument from  necessary being  declares that all organisms are  conditional which means that they also have choice of non existence. Aquinas therefore sets his point that if everything chooses not to exist, then we may not have anything in the universe. But as things exist now, there must exist a being regarded as God with  necessary existence. Aquinas  argued from degree of goodness that there are always things that are good or bed from others. He believed that there must be a maximum goodness which causes all goodness. The  teleological argument  asserts the view that unintelligent things are ordered to be in position. Aquinas concentrates on the view that unintelligent objects can only be ordered by an intelligent being, which proves that there must be an intelligent being God to move objects to specific purpose. (Theodore Gracyk, 2004) The ontological argument was presented by philosophers including  St. Anselm  and  Renà © Descartes. The argument puts forward that the existence of God is obvious and self-evident. The formulation of logic they proposed is presented below: God is the greatest conceivable being. It is greater to exist than not to exist. Therefore, God exists. (Oppy and Graham, 1996 revised in 2011) Different philosophers argued that the existence of God in not necessary because there is no proof that if something is predictive or superlative it also exists. The debate was controversial and is also in modern time builds up the arguments to conclude that either God exist or not and if its existence is necessary. Arguments from historical events or personages Christianity  and  Judaism  believe that God interfered and shows his existence in almost every specific event and situations in history. Those events and the interference proved that there is empirical evidence that God exists. For example the event of Exodus  and the giving of the  Ten Commandments  in front of all the tribes of Israel. The Resurrection of Jesus argues that there is adequate historical confirmation for resurrection of Jesus to support his asserts to be the son of God which proved the Gods existence.  This argument stem from the  Christological argument. Islam  argued that the revelation of its holy book, the  Quran, justifies its heavenly authorship, and thus the existence of God. The bible that is Holy book of Christians argued that there is one mighty and strong being in the universe, which declares the existence of God. (Dr. Andrew Corbett, 2009) Hindu arguments Most schools of Hinduism believe that there is existence of God but some of them dont believe that. Law of karma provide basis of the existence of God. They believe that the actions of karma are not performed by humans and one own self so there must be an existence of God to control and monitor all karmatic actions. They also believe that fruits of karma are transferred and dispensed through a body that is known as God and thus proved the existence. (Siyam, 2012) Arguments from testimony Arguments from testimony are based on experience of witnesses, possibly exemplifying the intentions of a specific  revealed  religion.  It is the fundamental of rationality that one should accept testimony except there are powerful motives for not doing so. Arguments against the existence of God Each of the following arguments aims at showing either that a particular subset of gods does not exist through contradictions in arguments or that there is insufficient reason to believe in them. Some arguments are discussed below that present the opposite and contradictory views relating existence of God. Empirical arguments Empirical arguments depend on  empirical data  in order to prove their conclusions. The major arguments can be derived from the traditional and religious  scriptures like the Jewish  Tanakh, the  Christian  Bible, the  Muslim  Quran,  Hindu  Vedas. The understanding of scripture provide basis to the knowledge of Gods existence. The theist arguments relating existence of God and its fundamentals are called  theodicies. The  argument from nonbelievers  contests the existence of an omnipotent God who wants humans to believe in him by arguing that such a god would do a better job of gathering believers. (Lawrence Croker, 2011) Deductive arguments Deductive arguments attempt to prove their conclusions by  deductive reasoning  from true premises. The  Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit  is a counter-argument to the  argument from design. The argument rests on the view that there is a designer that creates complex structures and design. So the God, we are talking about, should be as complicated as all things He has created in the universe. This situation also requires a designer. And its designer would also require a designer, ad infinitum. Therefore the views create infinite contradiction that there is a need of another designer to create a complex being. The  omnipotence paradox  recommends that the perception of an  omnipotent  being is rationally conflicting, for instance, for this purpose, questions like is GOD have all the authority? or can a mountain be created by God, so big that it cannot be moved by Himself. The Omniscience paradox demonstrates a different angle of the omnipotence paradox. Omnipotent and omniscience disagree with with concept of existence of God. The  problem of hell  is the idea that everlasting damnation for actions committed in a finite existence contradicts Gods  omnibenevolence  or  omnipresence. A contradictory argument against the  Cosmological argument  i.e. chicken or egg is based on supposition that things cannot subsist without creators therefore should also apply to God creation and existence. This also lays foundation that existence of universe as a second cause. Theological noncognitivism also contradict the god-concept by showing that scientific test cannot verify it. This argument says that if God is morally perfect, omniscient and omnipotent, than instead of imperfect human beings, He would have created other morally perfect beings. (John Shook, 2011) Inductive arguments Inductive arguments predict existence of God based on  inductive reasoning. The  atheist-existentialist  argument that it is impossible to present existence of a perfect sentient being. It also argued that if  existence comes before spirit, it  follows from  the connotation of the expression  sentient that a sentient being cannot be inclusive or perfect. No reason argument attempts to reveal that an omniscient or omnipotent probably have no reason to do it in this way, especially the creation of universe, as it may likely to have no wants, needs, or desires etc. as these concepts are strictly relevant to human beings. so omnipotent god cannot exist until the universe exists. Since the universe exists, there is a contradiction, and therefore, an The other argument known as historical induction concludes that since most theistic religions all the way through narration and their gods ultimately come to be considered as fictitious or mistaken, all theistic religions, including contemporary ones, are therefore most likely untrue and incorrect by induction. (John Shook, 2011) Subjective arguments Similar to the  subjective  arguments for the existence of God are contradictory with the supernatural that chiefly based on the testimony or experience of witnesses, or the suggestions of a  revealed  religion  in common. The spectator argument provides trustworthiness to personal witnesses, contemporary and from the past, who disbelieve or strongly doubt the existence of God. The disappointment argument claims that if, when asked for, there is no visible help from God, there is any reason to believe that there is a God. (John Shook, 2011) Conclusions Conclusions on the existence of God can be categorized along abundant axes, producing a variety of vies about the existence and non existence of God.  Theism  and atheism  are positions of belief (or lack of it), while  Gnosticism  and  agnosticism  are positions of knowledge (or the lack of it)  is concerns belief regarding Gods conceptual coherence.  Apatheism  concerns belief on the subject of the practical importance of whether God exists or not. The above discussion presents both views of the different philosophers and testimonies relating God existence. The views presented above are justified and contradicted based on different arguments and discussions based on several philosophical authors and religions therefore clearing the views of both sides that either God exist or not exist. The topic is still controversial and several philosophers are still arguing and practice their specific opinions relating this fact.

Free Essays - Allegorical Meaning of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Allegorical Meaning of Young Goodman Brown In the short story "Young Goodman Brown" by Nathaniel Hawthorn, the author uses many of his characters to symbolize the deeper meaning of the narrative.   The allegorical meaning of Hawthorns tale is that of belief.   If one believes that he or she is inherently evil than whether or not they do evil is inconsequential since the belief will ultimately lead to misery.   Young Goodman Brown is going on a voyage or trip yet later in the story it becomes unclear as to whether this was reality, just a dream, or a figment of his imagination.   Hawthorn was a romanticist and this narrative provoked both strong feeling and emotions.   Although, I believe it is the reader who starts to have strong feelings about the main character and it is the emotions of Young Goodman Brown that ultimately bring him to his downfall.   It is his anxieties and paranoia that take over and control his emotions.   It is clearly emotions that triumphant Hawthorn's "Young Goodman Brown" The story opens with Young Goodman Brown bidding his wife farewell.   Goodman claims this is a journey that he must attend to.   Interestingly, his wife Faith is portrayed as pure and good.   She is a loving wife concerned about her husband and his mission.   It is her pink ribbons that represent her young innocence.   From the beginning Goodman refers to his journey as having an "evil purpose".   As Young Goodman Brown enters the woods and meets up with companion he explains that "Faith kept me back a while".   So was it literally that Faith his wife caused his delay or more figuratively that it was his faith in goodness that was really holding him back.   Hobbling along in the woods Young Goodman Brown sees his catechism teacher.   This is yet another obstacle that has underlying meaning.   She represents the teachings of Christianity and all that is good in the world.   Yet this did not stop our character from continuing on his evil voyage.   In the latter part of the story, where Young Goodman Brown is at the circle of the devil with all the other sinners he calls out for Faith.   He then states, "My Faith is gone!...There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name.

Teenage Years Are Depressing :: essays research papers

Teenage years are depressing because they are going through some of the biggest changes in their life. Teens start high school and have to deal with being little in a school again. They go through major hormonal changes. Their bodies develop and grow. They have to decide whether or not they are going to college or not. If they choose college, then what college will meet their needs the best? Will they even be accepted to the college they want to go to? These are major decisions and changes they have never experienced before. Then there is the daily life. They wake up in the morning dreading school, they know they have to go. They just don't want to go. Then they get ready and go to school. They are depressed about school. They go to all their classes. The end of the day is nearing and they may be depressed about having to go home. Their family life might be bad. They go home and what do you do? Sit down, watch television, play a video game, lock themselves in their room, or just going around being mad at everyone and their life. This really is the pits. They need to change their life whether it be changing their after school activity or changing their attitude. Depression is defined as a psychoneurotic or psychotic disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies. No two people feel or experience depression the same way. The symptoms and causes of depression are very different for everyone. Lawrence Clayton, Ph.D. and Sharon Carter write, "The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [reported that] for 4 to 10 percent of the American public at any given time the ["downer"] mood doesn't lift." They also reported that one quarter of the population would experience a major depressive period during their lifetime (8). One out of four people will have a problem with depression in the United States. NIMH also reported that "approximately 4 out of a 100 teenagers get seriously depressed each year. Clinical Depression is a serious illness that can affect anybody, INCLUDING TEENAGERS" ("Let's Talk" 1). Gerald D. Oster, Ph.D., Sarah S. Montgomery, MSW, write, "Clinical depression refers to a condition marked by the changes in one's mood and by associated behaviors that range from a mild degree of sadness to intensely experienced feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thought's" (43).